CONFIDENTIAL
Classification
Control : 5/52
Recd : May 4, 1960 11
FROM : SEOUL
ACTION : DEPARTMENT 1501
INFO: TOKYO 351 TAIPEI 35 CANBERRA 12 CINCPAC/POLAD 230
DATE : MAY 3, 8 PM
Reference: DEPTEL 902.
As Korean political scene beginning recover from shock administered by events past two weeks, movement of forces involved in and released by overthrow Rhee administration becoming more complex and confused. Principal features this development follow:
1) With resignation Rhee, National Assembly took lead in developing basic political formula for resolution crisis. From outset, movement in assembly steadily in direction consitutional amendment for cabinet system, followed by resignation of assembly and general elections.
Except for initial position taken by new faction DP, no effort has been made to obtain immediate call for new presidential elections, although this point was included in assembly's April 26 resolution (EMBTEL 1029). Aside from Hanguk Ilbo-Korea Times, major opposition and independent papers advocated immediate resignation assembly, with new legislature to consider constitutional amendment. These papers have not urged immediate presidential elections. Following shift new faction DP position (EMBTEL 1029 only Choson Elbo remains categorically opposed main current in assembly. This main course also apparently supported by HUH Chung who, however, is leaving initiative this matter to National Assembly. DP leaders both factions in conversations with Embassy Officers May 2, moreover, expressed confidence their present position acceptable to, if not actively supported by, public opinion including majority students.
2) Initially, LP virtually abdicated leadership in assembly to follow lead taken by opposition. Events of past few days, however, point to possible LP reassertion its majority position. Principal motive such effort may be attempt to influence details constitutional amendment in order best preserve party position.
3) At same time, there are signs minority group within LP may be maneuvering to keep open possibility for return of Rhee, possibly as President under new cabinet system. This may partly explain resistence with LP to assembly acceptance Rhee's resignation May 2. (EMBTEL 1050) such efforts probably encouraged by Pyun Yun-T’ae lengthy article, carried Hanguk Ilbo May 2, arguing that Rhee's ouster not intended by majority people and may actually have been wrongful. Pyun advocates prompt presidential elections and he urges assembly and Rhee’s rivals to advise Rhee to run in elections so that true test popular will can be made. Press also carrying vague references "counter-revoluntionary" movement to promote Yi Pom-Sok as Prime Minister under Rhee as President; in this connection Embassy has unconfirmed reports Yi moving to reenter poltical arena. Such efforts involving Rhee presumably intended exploit whatever popular sentiment respect or sympathy for Rhee remaining after events past weeks.
4) Thus far, no clear conse asus has emerged from student movement concerning several alternative combinations of presidential elections, consitutional amendment, and assembly elections currently being discussed. Idea of institution cabinet system as safeguard against revival "one-man rule" probably has considerable attraction for many students, but it not certain whether this also acceptable to majority of them as adequate "correction" March 15 elections or whether they willing entrust amendment to an assembly in which LP, now discredited, hold majority and in which opposition not entirely above suspicion. Finally, there appears be disagreement among students as to advisability involvement their movement in what is now a partisan political problem. These issues currently involved in efforts among students create over-all organization, with various positions taken by several groups influended in part by compesition for leadership.
5) Fact that April 19 movement showed potential of student movemovent as major dynamic in poltical situation undoubtedly will prompt efforts poltical leaders and movements to attempt to exploit this pet■■tial. Although facts Pusan demonstrations May 1 and 2 not yet known, it possible they partly inspired by out-side elements attempting to force immediate dissolution of National Assembly.
6) Preparations for the formation or revival of a number of minor parties already are underway ranging from the progressive party on the left to national Socialist Party of former National Youth Corps stripe on the right. Many of these are likely to remain essentially "one-man" parties; other may be able to capitalize in a general election upon vacuum left by LP which DP unlikely be able fill completely. Emergence significant third party near future unlikely; political spectrum following general election, however, could contain as many as 10 minor parties and, probably, expanded number independents.
In Embassy view, most satisfactory resolution recent poltical crisis is the adjustment revolutionary impact recent events, accommodation existing and newer political forces, and promotion longer ranger stability probably would be prompt presidential and vice presidential elections,together with assembly elections. Such elections also could provide some indication popular attitude toward constitutional amendment if this made issue in campaign. It would avoid moreover, hasty and ill-considered change in basic structure government, operation of which could result serious political instability. At same time, likelihood number minor parties in presidential campaign might result in election candidate by small minority voters.
Nonetheless, Embassy believes it not advisable for following reasons at this time urged HUH Chung set date for presidential elections:
1) As indicated above, main effort assembly now in direction consitutional amendment, probably to provide for indirect election President although DP may succeed obtain direct election for first President under new system. It extremely doubtful we would be able induce HUH act on our advice unless prepared publicly take stand favoring immediate presidential elections. Such stand, whether it succeeded of failed, would constitute far deeper intervention ROK internal affairs than attempted thus far and might easily evoke strong adverse reaction, particularly at this time when criticism our actions being voiced by those who for variety reasons hoped Rhee could have remained in office. Even if we did not take a public stand, any urgings would mean a definite risk of disclosure with adverse reactions described above.
2) Such move would undermine efforts those now sincerely attempting restore confidence government through constructive legislative and administrative reform since they would be forced turn attention to presidential campaign. At same time, it could play into hands those attempting take advantage current unsettled situation to advance own interests as well as those who may be maneuvering to return Rhee to political arena.
3) At present, it by no means certain main effort assembly,which supported by HUH, will not succeed for immediate future in restoring confidence in government, particularly if constructive steps taken in direction police reform, administrative efficiency and elimination corruption, and legislative action on such issues as MG ordinances 55 and 88, and amendment National Security and local autonomy laws. Embassy believes would be more advisable exert our influence along these lines where HUH already has demonstrated willingness cooperate.
4) Effort now persuade HUH depart from course he and his advisers apparently consider best suited restore authority central government might easily provoke adverse reaction which would prejudice our efforts encourage constructive moves other fields including ROK-Japanese relations.
Embassy recommends, therefore, action suggested by Department be held in reserve until such time as situation clarifies and it possible assess more accurately strength forces now at work and emerging in new situation, political acceptability formula being followed by assembly, and realistic alternatives available. Situation continues to develop rapidly and such assessment may be possible shortly. At that time we should be in better position determine whether course suggested by Department sufficiently urgent in terms restoration inter-stability to warrant risks Embassy believes involved. There are admittedly dangers in withholding any public or private urging of our views but we believe there are greater dangers in urging our viewpoint at least at this juncture. We have used the term "induce" and "urging" throughout this message but I believe that if HUH Chung should meanwhile ask my advice I should not refrain from telling him, for his own information and on a private basis, that I believe that it would be advisable for his government to set date or to announce as soon as possible that elections will be held for the National Assembly and, unless advance constitutional changes require otherwise, for the Presidency and Vice Presidency; that I believe that such a move would meet the national sentiment and head off anticipated mounting demands of students and others for holding of elections. It would of course be regrettable if government only took key moves when strongly prodded by demonstrating elements.
Department views requested soonest because we may have to act quickly. Embassy comments last paragraph referenced telegram will follow.
MCCONAUGHY